Introduction
In the early months of 2026, U.S. foreign policy has intensified longstanding tensions, manifesting in aggressive manoeuvres toward Venezuela, Greenland, and Cuba, alongside escalating disputes with NATO allies. These actions, including the capture of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro on January 3, 2026, renewed threats to annex Greenland, and warnings to Cuba about cutting off Venezuelan oil supplies, have been compounded by European responses such as France's draft resolution to exit NATO and Italy's reluctance to engage militarily against Russia in Ukraine. China's admonition against U.S.A.’s unfounded claims over Greenland further underscores the multipolar strains. U.S. involvement has also extended to encouraging disturbances in Iran through public support for protesters and threats of military intervention, while its attitude toward China's recent aggression against Taiwan remains one of strategic ambiguity, bolstered by arms sales but lacking explicit defence commitments.
U.S. Actions in Latin America and the Arctic: A Pattern of Assertiveness
The U.S. military operation in Venezuela exemplifies brazen interventionism. On January 3, 2026, U.S. forces captured Maduro and his wife in Caracas, framing it as a law enforcement action tied to narco-terrorism indictments from 2020 and 2026. Maduro, accused of leading the Cartel de los Soles, was extradited to the U.S., where the President declared that the U.S. would "run" Venezuela temporarily to oversee a transition and access its oil reserves, which are the world's largest. This operation, involving airstrikes and special forces, resulted in over 100 deaths, including 32 Cuban officers aiding Venezuelan defences. Critics, including the United Nations and the Royal Institute of International Affairs condemned it as a violation of sovereignty and international law, evoking memories of U.S. dominance in Latin America.
U.S. aggression toward Cuba has also escalated. Cuba, reliant on Venezuelan oil (about 35,000 barrels daily), faces economic collapse amid U.S. sanctions dating back to 1960. The POTUS threatened Cuba with unspecified consequences if it does not "make a deal," explicitly cutting off Venezuelan resources. Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel rejected talks, denouncing U.S. "state terrorism." This builds on decades of embargo, which has cost Cuba billions, yet the island maintains strong health and education systems despite adversity.
The U.S. push to annex Greenland has provoked outrage. Reviving his 2019 proposal, the President insisted in January 2026 that the U.S. must "own" Greenland to counter Russia and China, warning of their potential takeover. A Republican bill, the Greenland Annexation and Statehood Act, authorises the President of United States to negotiate or use "necessary steps" for acquisition. Greenland's Prime Minister Jens-Frederik Nielsen rejected this, affirming ties to Denmark and NATO.
These actions reflect a U.S. strategy prioritising resource control and unilateral security, often bypassing international norms.
U.S. Involvement in Middle East Disturbances and Asia-Pacific Tensions
U.S. foreign policy in early 2026 has also played a significant role in aggravating the disturbances in Iran, where widespread protests erupted in late December 2025 over soaring prices, currency collapse, and broader anti-government sentiments. The unrest has reportedly resulted in over 500 deaths, including protesters and security personnel, amid a crackdown by Iranian forces. The American President has publicly incited the protests, posting on social media to urge Iranians to "KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!!" and warning of "strong action" if the regime continues its crackdown. The U.S. has imposed new sanctions, including a 25% tariff on countries conducting business with Iran, and canceled diplomatic meetings until the violence stops. The United States is considering military options, such as strikes on nuclear facilities or ballistic missile sites, as well as cyberattacks on Iran's domestic security apparatus, with officials indicating that any action is "at least several days away." Iran has accused the U.S. of seeking to "manufacture a pretext for military intervention”. It has threatened to target U.S. bases and Israel in retaliation. This U.S. positions itself as a supporter of regime change while risking broader regional escalation.
In the Asia-Pacific, the U.S. attitude toward China's escalating aggression on Taiwan remains one of strategic ambiguity, emphasising deterrence through arms sales while avoiding firm commitments to direct intervention. China conducted its largest-ever war games around Taiwan, dubbed "Justice Mission 2025," on December 29-30, 2025, involving over 30 warships, 201 aircraft, and live rocket firings, simulating a blockade and counter-intervention operations. These exercises, the most extensive by coverage area, were partly in response to a record $11.1 billion U.S. arms package to Taiwan, including advanced F-16V fighters set for delivery by 2026, which Beijing condemned as provocative. Taiwan's National Security Bureau assessed the drills as an attempt to undermine global support for the island and divert attention from China's domestic economic issues. The U.S. President has reiterated that peace in the Taiwan Strait is a vital U.S. interest but adhered to ambiguity, stating in interviews that any Chinese action would make him "very unhappy" and that it's "up to Xi" what happens, without specifying a U.S. response. Analysts note that the U.S. raid on Venezuela may provide China with narrative ammunition to justify territorial claims, though it does not meaningfully lower Beijing's threshold for invasion due to differing legal framings. This approach prioritises economic leverage over explicit military guarantees, potentially signalling U.S. reluctance amid broader global commitments.
NATO Disputes and European Responses: Fracturing Alliances
U.S. relations with NATO allies have reached a nadir over burden-sharing and policy divergences. The present president has long criticized allies for under-spending, claiming the U.S. covers 70% of NATO costs—a figure debunked as it includes total U.S. defence spending, not just NATO-specific contributions. In 2026, only a few allies meet the 2% GDP target, with cumulative shortfalls exceeding $800 billion since 2014.The American President's ambiguity on Article 5 commitments has sown doubt, prompting allies to question U.S. reliability.
France's response highlights the rift. On January 8, 2026, MP Clémence Guetté submitted a draft resolution for a "planned exit" from NATO, citing U.S. actions in Venezuela, Greenland, and Gaza as violations of alliance principles. While not yet debated, it echoes Macron's criticisms of NATO as "brain dead" and signals frustration with U.S. unilateralism. Italy, meanwhile, rejects direct military action against Russia over Ukraine. Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni affirmed Italy's support for Ukraine but ruled out troop deployments, advocating European talks with Russia. This reflects war fatigue and aligns with Macron's call for dialogue.
These developments indicate a potential NATO collapse, with European nations exploring independent security arrangements amid U.S. threats.
Impacts on International Trade
U.S. actions are disrupting global trade flows. In Venezuela, seizing oil assets—estimated at tens of billions to rebuild—could flood markets, but infrastructure decay limits output to 1.1-1.5 million barrels daily in the short term. This benefits U.S. firms like Exxon but risks volatility. Sanctions on Venezuela and Cuba exacerbate shortages, with Cuba's economy teetering without Venezuelan oil.
Greenland's minerals (rare earths) are critical for tech supply chains. U.S. control could secure them against Chinese dominance (China controls 60% of global supply), but forced annexation might trigger EU sanctions, disrupting transatlantic trade. NATO disputes fuel tariff threats; USA's reciprocal tariffs could dismantle WTO rules, raising costs and slowing global growth. In Iran, U.S. tariffs on trading partners add pressure on global energy markets, potentially spiking prices amid threats of strikes on Iranian facilities. For Taiwan, U.S. arms sales sustain semiconductor trade stability, but Chinese exercises risk supply chain interruptions, as Taiwan's role in global chip production amplifies economic vulnerabilities. Overall, these policies fragment trade, boosting bilateral deals while eroding multilateral stability.
Impacts on Alliances
The U.S. approach is fracturing alliances. NATO faces existential threats; France's exit draft and Italy's diplomacy signal a pivot toward autonomy. Greenland tensions have prompted UK, Germany, and France to consider troop deployments, viewing U.S. threats as aggression. Denmark warns that this could end NATO. China's warnings highlight multipolar shifts, with Beijing positioning as a defender of sovereignty.
Latin American alliances are strained; U.S. intervention in Venezuela revives anti-imperialist sentiments, bolstering ties among Cuba, Russia, and China. Europe may deepen EU defence integration, reducing U.S. influence. In the Middle East, U.S. threats against Iran risk alienating allies and could draw in Iranian-backed militias in Iraq. In Asia-Pacific, ambiguous U.S. support for Taiwan may embolden China while eroding confidence among allies like Japan and Australia, potentially accelerating rival coalitions like those in the Indo-Pacific. These fractures could lead to a realigned world order, with U.S. isolationism accelerating rival coalitions.
Impacts on UN Institutions
U.S. policy is undermining UN efficacy. On January 7, 2026, the U.S. Administration withdrew from 66 international bodies, including 31 UN entities, citing waste and anti-U.S. agendas. This saves ~$430 million but cedes influence to China in climate, health, and development arenas. Venezuela's operation violated UN Charter sovereignty principles, drawing condemnation.
Cuba's plight highlights UN human rights failures amid U.S. sanctions. Greenland disputes could erode UN territorial integrity norms. U.S. encouragement of Iranian protests and threats of intervention further strain UN norms on non-interference, with Iran's crackdown condemned but U.S. actions seen as hypocritical. Regarding Taiwan, Chinese aggression challenges UN resolutions on peaceful dispute resolution, while U.S. ambiguity weakens collective security mechanisms. Overall, U.S. retreats weaken UN legitimacy, allowing adversaries to fill voids and diminishing global cooperation on trade, security, and crises.
Conclusion
U.S. actions in Venezuela, Greenland, and Cuba, amid NATO rifts and China's warnings, have injected profound complexities into global geopolitics, further compounded by U.S. involvement in Iran's disturbances through protest encouragement and intervention threats, and its ambiguous stance on China's Taiwan aggression amid arms sales and exercises. International trade faces disruptions from resource grabs and tariffs, alliances like NATO risk dissolution, and UN institutions suffer from U.S. disengagement. While advancing short-term U.S. interests, this approach may foster isolation, embolden rivals, and fragment the post-WWII order. A balanced multilateralism could mitigate these risks, but current trajectories suggest turbulent realignments ahead.
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