India’s status in South Asia has always been a topic of intense debate. Its vast size, expanding economy, and robust military boost its position as a dominant regional power. However, neighbouring nations and the international community hold differing opinions due to this dominant status. Some view it as a domineering “big brother” while others see it as a supportive force promoting regional stability. We must analyse its foreign policy, historical ties, and ongoing actions, to understand whether it acts as a dominant hegemon or a valuable ally.
Historical Context
British rule caused significant harm and complex political, cultural, and economic disruptions in the subcontinent. Because of its size, resources, and strategic importance, India established itself as a regional powerhouse after gaining independence in 1947. India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted India to lead the newly independent nations in Asia and Africa on the path of non-alignment and peaceful coexistence.
British India’s bifurcation into India and Pakistan led to a continual rivalry that influenced India’s foreign policy. The animosity between the two nuclear-armed neighbours has affected regional stability. India’s relationship with South Asian nations like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh is often viewed in the context of the India-Pakistan rivalry. In fact, the Cold War dynamics transformed this rivalry into animosity.
India’s Relations with its Neighbours
Given the above background, let us examine India’s equations with its neighbours.
Pakistan: The India-Pakistan relationship is highly contentious. The two nations have a history of fighting multiple wars. The dispute over Kashmir continues to escalate. Pakistan has resorted to low-cost warfare through cross-border terrorism. India retaliates with diplomatic isolation and military posturing. Border clashes have frequently disrupted the dialogue between India and Pakistan.
Sri Lanka: India’s participation in Sri Lanka’s internal conflict, especially during the Sri Lankan Civil War, has led to disagreement. Sri Lankans saw India’s support for the Tamil Tigers and subsequent intervention with the IPKF as India exceeding its boundaries. Despite India’s help in Sri Lanka’s reconstruction after the war, it is still seen as a domineering force because of its previous interventions.
Nepal: The relationship between India and Nepal is defined by cultural and historical ties. But it has been strained by political interventions and economic blockades. Widespread resentment was caused when many Nepalese believed that India orchestrated the 2015 blockade in response to Nepal’s new constitution. India’s blockade had a significant impact on Nepal’s economy, strengthening India’s perception as a powerful nation exerting control over its smaller neighbour.
Bangladesh: It is important to recognise the complicated nature of India’s relationship with Bangladesh. Many Bangladeshis appreciate India’s significant role in their independence in 1971. In contrast, conflicts have arisen because of matters like sharing water resources, managing borders, and treating minorities. Many believe India exerts too much control over Bangladesh’s domestic affairs.
Myanmar: The land border between India and Myanmar is extensive. Their cultural ties go back for centuries. India’s Act East policy places Myanmar in a pivotal position. Their relationship is a curious mix of challenges and cooperation especially during Myanmar’s military rule. To maintain a balance, India has pursued its strategic interests while supporting democracy and human rights in Myanmar. Despite cooperation on border security, trade, and regional connectivity projects, India is worried about China’s influence in Myanmar.
Maldives: The Indian Ocean proximity has fostered close ties between India and Maldives. Historically, India has been the primary source of security and economic support for Maldives. Under India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy, the relationship takes precedence. Despite this, there have been intermittent tensions, particularly as China’s influence has grown in the Maldives. India is focused on safeguarding its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean and addressing external influences in its immediate neighbourhood. Key areas of engagement between the two nations include economic cooperation, tourism, and maritime security.
Afghanistan: The historical connection between India and Afghanistan dates back to the ancient Silk Road, encompassing cultural and trade ties. India considers Afghanistan to be a crucial buffer zone between South and Central Asia. For years, India has played a crucial role in Afghanistan’s development. It has backed Afghanistan’s democracy and infrastructure initiatives. Pakistan’s influence and regional security concerns have complicated India’s role in Afghanistan. Changes in Afghanistan’s internal politics, particularly related to the Taliban, have affected the relationship. India’s strategy towards Afghanistan is shaped by its wider regional security concerns and its goal of combating terrorism.
Bhutan: The relationship between India and Bhutan is distinguished by strong historical, cultural, and economic connections. The 1949 Treaty of Friendship established a special bond between the two nations. Bhutan benefits from India’s significant financial and technical support. With Indian assistance, the hydropower sector in Bhutan has thrived, resulting in lucrative electricity exports. India helps protect Bhutan’s borders as part of their security cooperation. But China’s growing influence has complicated the India-Bhutan relationship. Despite the challenges, both countries maintain their special relationship, acknowledging its significance for regional stability and shared prosperity.
India as a Benign Power: The Counter-Argument
Despite the common belief that India is a dominating force, there is an interesting counter-argument that presents India as a peaceful and collaborative regional leader. India’s efforts towards regional stability, economic growth, and multilateral cooperation reinforce this viewpoint.
Regional Stability and Security: India has always been a reliable contributor to regional stability. Resolving regional conflicts and crises has been made possible by its military and diplomatic actions. The 1988 coup attempt in the Maldives highlights India’s responsible intervention. India showcases its commitment to regional security through active participation in United Nations peacekeeping missions and counterterrorism efforts.
Economic Assistance and Development: India has provided significant economic aid to its neighbouring nations, often without strict requirements. SAARC and BIMSTEC are examples of India’s efforts to promote regional integration and development. Bhutan, Nepal, and Afghanistan have experienced economic growth due to India’s aid, infrastructure projects, and trade agreements.
Cultural Diplomacy and People-to-People Ties: India’s rich cultural heritage and democratic values have influenced its relations with neighbouring countries. South Asia has embraced Indian cinema, music, and yoga, creating a shared cultural sphere. By promoting educational exchanges, medical tourism, and religious pilgrimages, India has strengthened its people-to-people contacts and established itself as a peaceful and culturally connected power.
Democratic Values and Non-Interventionist Policies: India’s reputation as a peaceful force has been built on its commitment to democracy and non-interference in other nations’ affairs. India has consistently supported democratic movements in the region. But it has avoided military aggression or pressure on neighbouring countries. Smaller nations have shown respect and goodwill towards India’s approach.
Countering China’s Influence: India’s Strategic Interests and the Balance of Power
However, India is well aware of the daunting spectre of China looming over South Asia. To achieve regional stability, counter China, and protect its borders, India’s actions in South Asia are guided by strategic objectives. A more assertive approach is necessary to pursue these interests, but it may be perceived as domineering by neighbours.
India has adopted a more proactive foreign policy because of China’s growing influence in South Asia and investments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. India is responding to China’s influence by strengthening its military. It has also formed alliances with the US, Japan, and Australia. However, India’s actions are perceived as a demonstration of strength by neighbouring countries. This becomes more apparent when India is seen as exerting pressure on smaller nations to prevent them from enhancing their ties with China. India’s opposition to Nepal and Sri Lanka joining China’s BRI projects can be seen as an attempt to restrict their autonomy.
India unfailingly provides aid and investments to countries like Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. But often there are negative reactions. The domestic decisions of these countries are thought to be influenced by India. Nepal accused India of being an overbearing neighbour because of its involvement in the country’s political affairs, particularly during the 2015 constitutional crisis.
India’s Role in Regional Security
The debate surrounding India’s role in regional security questions its nature as either a benign power or a domineering force. Regional organizations such as SAARC have seen India’s active involvement, including security dialogues with neighbouring countries. India frequently frames these actions as its obligation to preserve stability and security in a region known for political volatility, terrorism, and insurgencies.
Still, India’s actions may be perceived as surpassing acceptable limits. For instance, India’s military interventions in its neighbouring countries, such as its involvement in the Sri Lankan Civil War, where India deployed peacekeeping forces under the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987. Also, its military assistance to the government of Maldives during the 1988 coup attempt.
Alternatively, India’s participation in these conflicts may be seen as a testament to its efforts to preserve peace in the region. The goal of India’s peacekeeping forces in Sri Lanka was to end a brutal civil war, but the mission was met with controversy and hostility. India’s intervention in the Maldives helped restore the legitimate government, which could improve stability in the region.
India’s Economic Influence and the “Big Brother” Label
India’s powerful economy in South Asia has added complexity to its interactions with neighbouring countries. The economic policies, trade agreements, and investments made by India have produced both positive outcomes and controversy.
Many smaller South Asian states feel uneasy because they rely on India as their major trading partner. Concerns about sovereignty arise as neighbours fear the excessive influence of Indian interests on their economic policies. Bangladesh has occasionally complained about trade imbalances and agreements that favour Indian businesses.
Yet, it is essential to acknowledge the region’s positive reception of India’s economic strategies. India’s investments in infrastructure, healthcare, and education in Afghanistan and Bhutan have produced positive outcomes. The construction of the Afghanistan-India Friendship Dam (Salma Dam) by India has been crucial for Afghanistan's and India's progress.
Cultural and Diplomatic Outreach: A Double-Edged Sword
India’s regional reputation is influenced by its cultural and diplomatic outreach. India often capitalises on its deep cultural, historical, and linguistic connections with neighbouring countries in diplomacy. India’s global reputation is built on its effective “soft power” strategy, emphasising Bollywood, yoga, and its rich ancient heritage.
Still, the attempt to engage with other cultures can sometimes be perceived as an act of cultural dominance. Bollywood’s popularity in countries like Nepal and Sri Lanka can be seen as both a uniting cultural force and a sign of cultural dominance.
India has emerged as a leading advocate for developing nations, positioning itself strategically in the Global South. India’s dedication to climate justice, leadership in the International Solar Alliance, and participation in forums like the BRICS and G20 showcase its desire to be a responsible global force. However, in South Asia, India’s diplomatic efforts might be interpreted as a show of power.
India has often been criticised for neglecting the interests of other SAARC member states. SAARC summit delays, caused by political tensions with Pakistan, have raised doubts about India’s commitment to regional cooperation. By bypassing multilateral frameworks in its bilateral dealings with neighbouring countries, India has reinforced the perception of favouring direct influence over collective decision-making processes.
India’s Soft Power: An Instrument of Influence or Overreach?
India showcases its regional influence by leveraging soft power, including cultural exports, educational initiatives, and humanitarian endeavours. The Indian government has actively promoted its cultural heritage internationally through initiatives like the International Day of Yoga and the global growth of Bollywood. Students from neighbouring countries frequently choose Indian universities for their higher education.
These initiatives not only enhance India’s friendly image but also assert cultural dominance. The expansion of Indian media and cultural products in nations such as Nepal and Sri Lanka has sparked worries about the erosion of local cultures and identities. India’s focus on Hindu cultural symbols and stories could be seen as excluding a region with diverse religions and cultures. On the other hand, India’s soft power initiatives contribute positively to regional integration. By providing scholarships and exchange programs, India is facilitating cross-border opportunities and enhancing ties within South Asian communities. India has shown its commitment to regional solidarity by providing humanitarian aid during disasters like the 2015 Nepal earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
The Role of Domestic Politics in Shaping Perceptions
India’s domestic politics shapes how it is perceived in the region. Concerns are growing among neighbouring countries about the surge in nationalist and xenophobic rhetoric in India, particularly under the BJP’s leadership. India’s talks about citizenship, religion, and national identity have affected its relationships with Muslim-majority nations.
In 2019, the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was introduced to provide citizenship to refugees, excluding Muslims. The decision faced substantial backlash in Bangladesh, as it was seen as promoting discrimination and disturbing communal harmony. The rhetoric on the NRC in Assam has harmed the relationship between Bangladesh and India. Bangladesh is increasingly worried about the potential consequences of the NRC, specifically the potential influx of migrants from Assam. However, India’s domestic policies are shaped by complex internal factors, including security concerns and the need to address ongoing issues like illegal immigration and demographic shifts.
India’s Commitment to Multilateralism and Global Governance
India’s participation in multilateral organizations and global governance influences its image in the region. India has consistently backed a rules-based global order, calling for reforms in institutions like the United Nations and advocating for more representation for developing nations in global decision-making. India demonstrates its commitment to global governance through active engagement in peacekeeping missions, prominent leadership in the International Solar Alliance, and proactive involvement in climate negotiations.
Despite receiving mixed reactions within South Asia, India’s multilateral approach remains significant in the region.
Conclusion
The nature of how India is viewed in South Asia, whether as a controlling force or a friendly one, is multifaceted. India’s decision-making process is shaped by a combination of strategic imperatives, economic ambitions, cultural ties, and domestic political dynamics. While India aims to promote regional stability and economic growth, its efforts may appear assertive or overreaching to smaller nations. India’s role in the region is determined by a fragile balance between its aspirations for leadership and its neighbours’ perception of its influence, which can be seen as protective or dominating.
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